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master of arts
A Master of Arts degree ((ラテン語:Magister Artium); abbreviated M.A., MA) or (ラテン語:artium magister), abbreviated A.M., or AM) is a type of master's degree awarded by universities in many countries. The degree is usually contrasted with the Master of Science degree. Those admitted to the degree typically study English, history, communication, or other of the humanities, philosophy, social sciences, fine arts or (at some universities) nursing, museum studies or theology. The degree can be conferred in respect of completing courses and passing examinations, in respect of research, or a combination of the two.
The Master of Arts degree traces its origin to the teaching license, or ''Licentia docendi'', for the University of Paris.
==Germany==
In Germany, the traditional equivalent of the postgraduate Master of Arts was the ''Magister Artium''. This degree, which usually required 5 years of studies, did exist in former West Germany and in reunited Germany, but not in former East Germany where all degree courses led to Diplom degrees. Traditional Magister degrees were granted in social sciences and most of the humanities, with the exception of visual and performing arts such as music and theatre. The Magister Artium was either a double major degree, or a combination of one major and two minors. German postgraduate Master's of Arts and Master's of Science degrees were introduced in 2001. Therefore, the new Master of Arts and the old Magister Artium degrees existed side by side until the phase out of the old degrees since 2010; Magister Artium degrees are still awarded (as of 2014). The new Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees together also require 5 years of studies, which is the reason why the new Master of Arts and the old Magister Artium degrees are considered equivalent.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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